The natural uranium ore must have a high uranium content and must have a thickness (at least ~2/3 of a meter) and geometry that increase the probability of spontaneous, natural fission in uranium-238 inducing a self-sustaining fission reaction in uranium-235.Дў. There are four conditions which must be met in order for a stable natural nuclear reactor to develop:ДЎ. These same factors play a role in natural nuclear reactors. Thus, in manmade nuclear reactors the concentration of uranium, the abundance of uranium-235, and the presence of neutron moderators and absorbers are all carefully controlled. Boron (another element very good at absorbing neutrons without undergoing fission) can also be added to water surrounding a nuclear reactor to moderate or shut down a nuclear reaction. These control rods consist of elements (such as silver, iridium, and cadmium) that are capable of absorbing neutrons without undergoing fission. To control or shut down a nuclear chain reaction, control rods are used. To control nuclear chain reactions in manmade reactors, water is used as both a moderator (something that slows down neutrons) and as a coolant. In order to increase the efficiency of the nuclear chain reactions, uranium-235 is artificially enriched to approximately 3% before uranium is used as a fuel in nuclear power plants. The isotopic distribution of uranium is remarkably uniform in EarthвЂ™s crust, so all uranium ore mined today contains about 0.720% uranium-235. However, on Earth today uranium-235 comprises only 0.720% of uranium while uranium-238 is the dominant isotope of uranium (99.275%) and uranium-234 is present only in trace amounts (0.006%). Because of nuclear properties, uranium-235 is most likely to fission when bombarded with neutrons. Uranium has three isotopes: uranium-238, uranium-235, and uranium-234. Uranium is the most common fuel used in commercial nuclear power plants. The energy produced by nuclear fission is generally used to heat water and produce steam, which turns large turbines that produce electricity. When carefully controlled, a self-sustaining вЂњcriticalвЂќ reaction of nuclear fission can generate power for a long time-until the nuclear fuel becomes depleted of fissionable atoms. If slowed down by a moderating substance (typically water or graphite), these neutrons may induce other atoms to undergo fission. As a result of this fission, fast neutrons are produced. In manmade nuclear reactors, power is generated when uranium (or sometimes plutonium) atoms fission or break into parts, releasing nuclear energy. These conditions are very similar to the conditions under which nuclear reactions are sustained in manmade nuclear reactors. The nuclear reactors are found in the FA sandstone layer. The last reactor (#17) is located at BangombГ©, ~30 km southeast of Oklo. Notably, in a 1956 paper Paul Kuroda theorized the conditions under which nuclear fission could spontaneously develop and be sustained.ДЇigure 2: Geologic cross-section of the Oklo and OkГ©lobondo uranium deposits, showing the locations of the nuclear reactors. The possibility that natural nuclear reactors may have operated on the ancient Earth was first hypothesized by scientists in the 1950s, when commercial nuclear reactors were first being developed and becoming popular. Further, at the Gabon reactors many of the radioactive products of the nuclear fission have been safely contained for two billion years, providing evidence that long-term geologic storage of nuclear waste is feasible. Figure taken from Mossman et al., 2008.Дespite their modest power output, the Gabon nuclear reactors are remarkable because they spontaneously began operating around two billion years ago, and they continued to operate in a stable manner for up to one million years.

Other uranium deposits (which did not host natural nuclear reactors) are found at Boyindzi, OkГ©lobondo, and Mikouloungou.

The natural nuclear reactors are located at Oklo and BangombГ©. As a comparison, commercial pressurized boiling water reactor nuclear power plants produce about 1,000 megawatts, which would power about ten million lightbulbs.ДЇigure 1: The geology of the Franceville Basin. The average power output of the Gabon reactors was about 100 kilowatts, which would power about 1,000 lightbulbs. The energy produced by these natural nuclear reactors was modest. Two billion years ago- eons before humans developed the first commercial nuclear power plants in the 1950s- seventeen natural nuclear fission reactors operated in what is today known as Gabon in Western Africa.

Geo 5 coolant